Centrifugal pump impellers come in three basic configurations. Closed impellers have two shrouds — one on each side of the vanes — creating enclosed flow passages with small internal clearances...

When water treatment professionals talk about bacteria in an industrial water system, they are often talking about two very different things without clearly distinguishing between them. The distinction matters enormously,...

Metalcutting fluid mixing seems like a solved problem — take a Venturi injector from brands like Nimatic or Blaser, connect it to your water line, and the concentrate gets drawn...

Most irrigation system problems are not equipment problems. They are design problems — decisions made before a single pipe was laid that locked in inefficiency, inconsistency, or maintenance headaches that...

Cycles of concentration is one of the most important parameters in cooling tower operation. It determines how much mineral content builds up in the circulating water relative to the makeup...

The casing material on an AODD pump determines what it can handle and at what temperature. Getting this wrong means either buying a more expensive pump than you need, or...