On/Off, Proportional, PID, and Fuzzy Logic Control: How Each One Behaves in the Real World
Every dosing pump, bleed valve, or injector in a water treatment system runs on one of four control strategies: on/off, proportional, PID, or fuzzy logic. Most operators never choose one deliberately — they inherit whatever came bundled with the controller and only notice a problem once conductivity starts swinging wildly, a discharge line drifts out […]
What Happens When You Run a Boiler Monitoring System Without a Sample Cooler
Every boiler feedwater and steam condensate analyser on the market — including the Pyxis Guardian IK-2000 series — specifies that it must be installed downstream of a sample cooler. This requirement is stated prominently in the installation documentation, with operating temperature limits of 40–49°C at the sensor inlet. In practice, sample coolers are frequently omitted […]
Why Cation Conductivity Tells You More Than Standard Conductivity in a Boiler System
Standard conductivity measurement is one of the most common parameters in boiler feedwater and steam condensate monitoring. It is fast, inexpensive, and gives a useful general indication of total dissolved solids. But in power generation and co-generation applications, standard conductivity has a significant limitation: it cannot reliably distinguish between contaminants that are genuinely corrosive and […]
The Consequences of Running a Cooling Tower Above Its Maximum Cycles of Concentration
Cycles of concentration is one of the most important parameters in cooling tower operation. It determines how much mineral content builds up in the circulating water relative to the makeup water, and it directly controls both water consumption and the risk of scale and corrosion. Most operators know they should monitor it. Far fewer understand […]
Why Conductivity Alone Is Not Enough to Control a Cooling Tower
Conductivity control is the foundation of every cooling tower water treatment programme. It keeps dissolved solids from concentrating to the point of scale formation, and it triggers the bleed-and-dose cycle that maintains chemical treatment levels. It is necessary. It is also not sufficient. A cooling tower controlled only by conductivity is a system that manages […]